Fatigue Analysis
It is observed that repeated loading and unloading weakens objects over time even when the induced stresses are considerably less than the allowable stress limits. This phenomenon is known as fatigue. Each cycle of stress fluctuation weakens the object to some extent. After a number of cycles, the object becomes so weak that it fails. Fatigue is the prime cause of the failure of many objects, especially those made of metals. Examples of failure due to fatigue include, rotating machinery, bolts, airplane wings, consumer products, offshore platforms, ships, vehicle axles, bridges, and bones.
Linear and nonlinear structural studies do not predict failure due to fatigue. They calculate the response of a design subjected to a specified environment of restraints and loads. If the analysis assumptions are observed and the calculated stresses are within the allowable limits, they conclude that the design is safe in this environment regardless of how many times the load is applied.
Results of static, nonlinear, or time history linear dynamic studies can be used as the basis for defining a fatigue study. The number of cycles required for fatigue failure to occur at a location depends on the material and the stress fluctuations. This information, for a certain material, is provided by a curve called the SN curve.
Stages of Failure Due to Fatigue
Failure due to fatigue occurs in three stages:
Fatigue cracks start on the surface of a material. Strengthening the surfaces of the model increases the life of the model under fatigue events.
Related Topics
Fatigue Check Plot
Performing Fatigue Analysis
Rainflow Cycle Counting Method
SN Curve
Theory of Accumulative Damage